Operation Whalers

Friendly Forces
	M16A2 Assault rifle The M16A2 is the standard issue for the US Army. With a heavier, firmer barrel than its predecessor, the M16A1, the A2 allows for the firing of NATO standard SS 109 type (M855) ammunition, also used with M249 Squad Automatic Weapons (SAWs). [show more...]
The rifle cartridge range is farther and more effective than ever before. The M16A2 can also fire all NATO standard 5.56mm ammunition and, equipped with the M203 Grenade Launcher, can fire 40mm missiles. Lightweight, air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed, the M16A2 can be fired from the shoulder or the hip. A selector level allows the soldier to shoot in modes of automatic fire, in 3-round bursts, or single-shot semiautomatic fire. A muzzle compensator improves the control and accuracy of the M16A2, and a fully adjustable rear sight has been enhanced for wind and range changes. Factoid:The M16A2 has a modified upper receiver that changes the way cartridges are ejected. They used to hit left-handed shooters in the face. Effective range:550 meters Reload time: 4.9 seconds Cyclic rate of fire: 800 rpm Maximum range: 3,600 meters Weight (loaded): 8.79 lbs Length: 39.63 inches
	M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) light machine gun The SAW is a lightweight, gas-operated machine gun fed by a magazine or metallic link-belt that disintegrates. It is man-portable and designed to combine a high volume of fire with accuracy almost equal to a rifle. [show more...]
The SAW entered the field in the mid-1980�s to fill in the gap caused by the retirement of the Browning Automatic Rifle 30 years earlier. Primary function: 5.56 mm light machine gun for use in infantry squads Weight:With bipod and tools, 15.16 pounds (6.88 kilograms); 200-round box magazine adds 6.92 pounds (3.14 kilograms); 30-round magazine adds 1.07 pounds (0.49 kilograms) Maximum effective range:3,281 feet (1,000 meters) Rate of fire:Cyclic, 725 rounds per minute; sustained, 85 rounds per minute
	5.56-millimeter M4 carbine with M203 grenade launcher This weapon was designed as a shorter, lightweight alternative to the M16A2 rifle, to give soldiers the ability to engage the enemy with accurate, lethal fire at close quarters. [show more...]
Gas operated, and air-cooled, it has a collapsible stock and can be fitted with rubber bullets for crowd control. The M4A1, the version made for Special Operations Forces, has a full automatic mode. But the tradeoff for making a shorter, handier version of the M16 has been in penetration, velocity and accuracy over longer ranges. Primary function: 5.56 mm rifle for close-quarters battle Weight: 7.92 pounds (3.6 kilograms) Maximum effective range: area target, 2,624.8 feet (800 meters); point target, 1,650 feet (500 meters) Rate of fire: 45 rounds per minute, semiautomatic Other features: Can be fitted with M203 grenade launcher Used by: Marine Expeditionary Units and U.S. Army units
	RPK-74 Machine Gun After the new AK-74 assault rifle entered service, the RPK-74 light machine gun was developed from the rifle. [show more...]
The RPK is essentially a variant of the AKM assault rifle with a longer, heavier barrel and is fed either by a 40-round curved box magazine or a 75-round drum magazine. It can also use the AKM's 30-round box magazine. The RPKS-74 version with folding butt was intended for airborne paratroops. These machine guns differ from the AK-74 assault rifle in barrel length and weight, sight windage mechanism, butt shape, dimensions weight and the design of the recoil compensator. Primary function: 7.62 mm squad machine gun Weight: Up to 15 pounds (7 kg) depending on magazine Rate of fire: 150 rounds per minute in automatic mode Maximum effective range: 2,640 feet (800 meters)
	.50 caliber machine gun At 550 rounds per minute, the .50 caliber can be placed on ground mounts and on most vehicles for use as an anti-personnel and anti-aircraft weapon. [show more...]
This automatic has a maximum range of 4.22 miles, and ammunition may be fed from the left or right side. Factoid: The .50 caliber was used as a sniper weapon by US forces during the Vietnam War. Length: 61.42 inches (156 centimeters) Gun: 84 pounds (38 kilograms) M3 Tripod (Complete): 44 pounds (19.98 kilograms) Total: 128 pounds (58 kilograms) Bore diameter: .50 inches (12.7mm) Maximum effective range: 2000 meters with tripod mount Maximum range: 4.22 miles (6.8 kilometers)
	AT-4 disposable single-shot LAW Designed to be a good one-person throwaway weapon to blast through an armored target with negligible recoil, the AT-4 rocket comes pre-packaged in a fiberglass launch tube.

	M67 Fragmentation grenade This is designed to be thrown about 40 meters and explode into fragments with a kill radius of 5 meters, and a casualty-producing radius of 15 meters. [show more...]
The M61 model has only 5.5 oz. of explosive, with a coil of serrated wire inside the body for fragmentation. Weight: 14 oz. Explosive: 6.5 oz., Composition B.
	MK-19 grenade launcher This 40mm, self-powered weapon can be mounted on the HMMWV, M113 family of vehicles, 5-ton trucks, and selected M88A1 recovery vehicles for accurate, deadly firepower.

Friendly Vehicles
	HMMWV An acronym for High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle, the Humvee is a four-wheel drive, diesel-powered automatic. Designed to run over any terrain and in all weather conditions, models can be armed with mounted machine guns, TOW or stinger missiles. [show more...]
Humvees are droppable from a variety of aircraft, and its high power-to-weight ratio, four-wheel drive and high ground clearance combine to give it outstanding cross-country mobility. Factoid: The Humvee has a snorkel kit which allows it to ford 60" of water. Length: 15 ft Width: 7.08 ft Height: 6.00 feet reducible to 4.5 feet Weight: 5,200 lbs Engine: V8, 6.2 litre displacement, fuel injected diesel, liquid cooled, compression ignition Horsepower: 150 at 3,600 RPM Transmission: 3 speed, automatic Transfer Case: 2 speed, locking, chain driven Electrical System: 24 volt, negative ground, 60 amps Brakes: Hydraulic, 4-wheeled disc Max Speed: 65 mph
	M1A1 Abrams Main Battle Tank The M1A1 Abrams has a classic tank design, and even though it looks big and bulky, it can stop on a dime. It has some cool, self-protection systems. It�s able to mask its own presence with two six-barreled M250 smoke grenade launchers that fool enemy thermal imaging. [show more...]
It also has an overpressure clean-air conditioning air system, a radiological warning system, and a chemical agent detector to protect itself from nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare. The tank uses a special fording system to cross rivers and surf zones and has an electronically-operated mine-clearing blade system that disregards landmines up to six feet ahead. The M1A1 holds a four person crew. The Commander�s station has six periscopes for a 360 degree view. The Commander can fire the main gun independent of the Gunner, and the Gunner's sight has automatic target cueing which eliminates the need for verbal communication between the two soldiers. An Independent Thermal Viewer (ITV) provides day and night vision and automatic sector scanning. The night vision Thermal Imaging System (TIS) alerts the crew of enemy presence within 10 meters of accuracy and enables the tank to maneuver not just in darkness, but also in poor visibility conditions caused by sand, dust, and smoke. The Abrams has some serious firepower. It�s got the .50-caliber Browning M2 Heavy Barrel, M240 machine guns, the Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot (APFSDS), and High Energy Anti-Tank (HEAT). The APFSDS round is a long, non-explosive rod that uses kinetic energy to impact enemy steel at about 2,900 feet per second. It creates a mini-volcano that spills molten metal inside the target. In the absence of full penetration, the impact alone creates a fragmenting effect, which shatters the interior of the armor. The HEAT round is like a conventional explosive, blowing through armor with one of the most sophisticated and deadly targeting systems in modern warfare. Crew: 4 Length: 32.25 ft Width: 12.0 ft Height: 8.0 ft Weight: 67.6 tons Top Speed: 41.5 mph Armament: 120 mm Factoid: The tremendous size and weight of the Abrams means even the C-5 Galaxy, the largest cargo aircraft in the US Air Force inventory, can only handle one tank at a time. Nearly all of the Abrams tanks deployed in the Gulf War, approximately 2,000 of them, had to be shipped overseas via cargo boats.
	F-16 Fighting Falcon The Fighting Falcon combines high-maneuverability, low cost, a good combat radius, and compact design to make an excellent fighter for a variety of missions. It can deliver a payload to a target accurately under any weather conditions with little to no visibility, and it uses its superior range to outfly defending enemy aircraft. A construction agreement between the US, Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands makes the F-16 a good candidate for wide use among NATO nations, improving parts supply and combat readiness. [show more...]
Factoid: Along with the F-15 Eagle, the F-16 was the world's first aircraft able to withstand higher G forces than its pilots. Length: 49 ft. Wingspan: 33 ft. Altitude: Above 50,000 feet Speed: Above 50,000 feet Range: 2,425 miles Armament: One 20mm multibarrel cannon, up to six air-to-air missiles, and electronic countermeasure pods
Enemy
	AK-47 Kalashnikov rifle Durable and widely available, the AK-47 is a Russian 7.62mm assault rifle. The AK fires 100 rounds per minute even through extreme conditions such as low temperatures, from moving vehicles, and after being dunked in water, mud, or sand. One drawback is low muzzle velocity, which makes the relatively heavy round arc at long ranges. Other drawbacks are the jams, dents, and overheated barrels that can make the weapon tough to handle. But the downsides pale in comparison to what the AK-47 offers a fighter: an easy-to-maintain gun that can deliver a high volume of fire. This is why the AK-47 has been one of the most used assault rifles in the world since the early 1950s. [show more...]
Factoid: The AK-47's inventor never earned a single ruble for the 100 million AKs in the world today. He didn't patent it. Primary function: 7.62-mm assault rifle Weight: 9.4 pounds (4.3 kilograms) with 30-round curved box magazine Rate of fire: 100 rounds per minute/cyclic 600 rounds per minute Effective range: 990 feet (300 meters)
	M67 Fragmentation grenade This is designed to be thrown about 40 meters and explode into fragments with a kill radius of 5 meters, and a casualty-producing radius of 15 meters. [show more...]
The M61 model has only 5.5 oz. of explosive, with a coil of serrated wire inside the body for fragmentation. Weight: 14 oz. Explosive: 6.5 oz., Composition B.
	RPG-7 Rocket Propelled Grenade Launcher A shoulder-fired, muzzle-loaded, grenade launcher, the RPG-7 fires a variety of grenades from a 40-mm launch tube. It's light enough to be fired by one person, but an assistant usually stands to the left of the gunner for protection. The launcher first ejects the grenade out 10 meters, and then the grenade's internal motor ignites and speeds it toward the target with fins that cause it to rotate slowly. Crosswinds can cut accuracy down by 50% for the gunner's first shot, but the shaped charge in the grenade can punch through all known armored vehicles. [show more...]
Factoid: In the Mogadishu ambush, it was an RPG the Somalis used to down the Blackhawk. Primary function: Shoulder fired anti-tank weapon Weight: 15.2 pounds (6.9 kilograms) Effective range: 1,640 feet (500 meters) Rate of fire: Four to six rounds per minute Ammunition: 85 mm grenade Other features: Can penetrate 260 mm armor

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